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武汉大学考博英语冲刺第六课例题习题

ReadthefollowingpassagecarefullyandthenwriteasummaryofitinEnglishinabout120words.

Europewasthefirstofthemajorworldregionstodevelopamoderneconomybasedoncommercialagricultureandindustrialdevelopment.Itssuccessfulmodernizationcanbetracedtothecontinent’srichendowmentofeconomicresources,itshistoryofinnovations,theevolutionofaskilledandeducatedlabourforce,andtheinterconnectednessofallitsparts-bothnaturallyexistingandman-made—whichfacilitatedtheeasymovementofmassivequantitiesofrawmaterialsandfinishedgoodsandthecommunicationofideas.

Europe’seconomicmodernizationbeganwithamarkedimprovementinagricultureoutputinthe17thcentury,particularlyinEngland.Thetraditionalmethodofcultivationinvolvedperiodicallyallowinglandtoremainfallow;thisgavewaytocontinuouscroppingonfieldsthatwerefertilizedwithnaturefromanimalsraisedasfoodforrapidlyexpandingurbanmarkets.Greaterwealthwasaccumulatedbylandownersatthesametimethatfewerfarmhandswereneededtoworktheland.TheaccumulatedcapitalandabundantcheaplabourcreatedbythisrevolutioninagriculturefueledthedevelopmentoftheIndustrialRevolutioninthe18thcentury.

TherevolutionveganinnorthernEnglandinthe1730swiththedevelopmentofwater-drivenmachinerytospinandweavewoolandcotton.Bymid-centuryJamesWatthaddevelopedapracticalsteamenginethatemancipatedmachineryfromsitesadjacenttowaterfallsandrapids.Britainhadbeenpracticallydeforestedbythistime,andtheincessantdemandformorefueltoruntheenginesledtotheexploitationofcoalasamajorindustry.Industrieswerebuiltonthecoalfieldstominimizethecostoftransportingcoaloverlongdistances.Theincreasinglysurplusruralpopulationflockedtothenew