1. Why does the author put quotation marks round the phrase “the greater good”? (1m)

Human communities are no different and are formed from these same two needs for self-determination and for one another. But in modern society, we have difficulty embracing the inherent paradox of these needs. We reach to satisfy one at the expense of the other. Very often the price of belonging to a community is to forfeit one's individual autonomy. Instead of honoring the individual as a unique contributor to the capability of the community, instead of recognizing the community's need for diverse gifts, individuals are required to conform, to obey, to serve "the greater good" of the community. Inclusion exacts a high price, that of our individual self-expression. In trying to restrict personal autonomy, diversity not only disappears, it also becomes a major management problem. The community needs to spend more and more energy on new ways to exert control over individuals through endlessly proliferating policies, standards, and doctrines.

2. Why is the word “talent” (line 6) in inverted commas? [1m]

The rise of a meritocratic elite has bred resistance, which started on the right. T.S. Eliot, a 20th-century poet and critic, argued that choosing people on the basis of their talents would “disorganise society and debase education.” But after the Second World War, the resistance spread leftward. Leftists argued that meritocracies were not only unpleasant but unjust. If talent owed more to nature than nurture, as many social scientists insisted, then rewarding people for “talent” was tantamount to rewarding them for having privileged parents.

3. Why is the word “voluntary” (line 6) in inverted commas? (1)

Once upon a time, a psychiatrist named Fredric Wertham went on a tear over Wonder Woman. He detected a vagina in the crook of her cartoon arm and he thought her superpowers were giving girls “the wrong idea” about women s place in society. As for Batman s ward, Robin, his bare legs and devotion to his guardian were planting homosexual thoughts in boys, or so Wertham believed. His crusade led to Congressional hearings and the “voluntary” censorship of comics by the industry

4. Why do you think the writer places the phrase necessary and desirable (line 44) in inverted commas?

[2m]

Begin with two easy decisions. First, every country should have some equivalent of Britain s Human Fertilisation and Embryology Authority (HFEA) – a permanent independent regulatory overseer, composed of scientists and ethicists, that reports to the health ministry. This may involve a little more red tape. But it forces scientists to justify what they are doing as “necessary and desirable” every time they leap ahead. And it is surely preferable to the American system, where the government s only hold over the industry comes through dictating how public money can be spent. Voters will not be happy that their government did nothing to stop something horrible happening in a laboratory just because it happened in a private-sector one.

5. Why do you think the author puts femininity and masculinity (line 31) in inverted commas? [2m] I do not, however, take the view that women are simply the innocent victims of men s aggression. I believe instead that something somewhere is very seriously wrong in our society s notions about masculinity and femininity . It is clear that a wedge is driven between boys and girls from the earliest age. Girls are encouraged to communicate and be sociable; they are affirmed in their interest in literal and emotional nurturing. Boys are encouraged in play that is not about communication but about managed competition - they are affirmed in their expression of aggression. In the process, men not only lose 1