英文版的试题

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

Answers to Study Questions on Main Text

1. Generally, behavior is anything a person does or says. Technically, behavior is any muscular, glandular, or electrical activity of an organism. Synonyms include: activity, action, performance, responding, response, and reaction.

2. Behavior is anything that a person says or does. Products of behavior are the

consequences produced by the behavior. For example, studying effectively and writing

the correct answers to questions on an exam are behaviors. Getting an “A” is a product

of those behaviors.

3. Overt behaviors are behaviors that could be observed and recorded by an individual other than the one performing the behavior. For example, walking and talking are overt

behaviors. Covert behaviors are private or internal activities that cannot be readily observed by others. For example, thinking particular words to oneself or feeling nervous

(increased heart rate, etc.) would be private behaviors.

4. Thinking in words (private self-talk) and imagining can also be referred to as cognitive

behaviors. For example, a hockey player may think before stepping on the ice at a game, “I am going to play my best game yet” (private self-talk), or a teacher may tell the

class to close their eyes and picture a beach (imagining).

5. Any two dimensions can be described. Duration of a behavior is how long it lasts. For

example, measuring how long an individual can tread water in a swimming pool.

Frequency of a behavior is the number of instances that occur in a given period of time.

For example, a figure skater counting the number of times that she or he lands a new jump in a practice session. The intensity or force of a behavior refers to the physical effort or energy involved in emitting the behavior. For example, the force of a person’s

grip when shaking hands.

6. Although their meanings vary from speaker to speaker, they always refer to ways of behaving. An intelligent person, for example, solves problems quickly; a creative person

frequently emits behaviors that are novel or unusual and have desirable effects.

7. (a) They may lead to pseudo explanations of behavior; (b) they can negatively affect the

way a labeled individual might be treated; and (c) they may influence one to focus on an

individual’s problem behaviors rather than on his or her strengths.